Windows 8 editions

Windows 8 is the current release of the Windows operating system, produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, tablets, and home theater PCs.

Windows 8 has the following four editions.

1) Windows 8

Windows 8 is the basic edition of Windows for the x86 and x86-64 architectures. This edition contains features aimed at the homemarket segment and provides all of the basic new Windows 8 features including the Start screen with semantic zoom, live tiles,Windows Store, Internet Explorer 10, connected standby, Microsoft account integration, the Windows desktop and more.

2) Windows 8 Pro

Windows 8 Pro is comparable to Windows 7 Professional and Ultimate and is targeted towards enthusiasts and business users; it includes all the features of Windows 8. Additional features include operating as a Remote Desktop server, the ability to participate in a Windows Server domain, Encrypting File System, Hyper-V, and Virtual Hard Disk Booting, Group Policy as well as BitLockerand BitLocker To Go. Windows Media Center functionality will be available only for Windows 8 Pro as a free "add-on."

3) Windows 8 Enterprise

Windows 8 Enterprise provides all the features in Windows 8 Pro (except the ability to install the Windows Media Center add-on), with additional features to assist with IT organization.This edition is available to Software Assurance customers, as well as MSDN and Technet Professional subscribers, and was released on August 16, 2012.

4) Windows 8 RT

Windows RT will only be available pre-installed on ARM-based devices such as tablet PCs.It will include touch-optimized desktop versions of the basic set of Office 2013 applications to users—Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote, and support device encryption capabilities. Several business-focused features such as Group Policy and domain support are not included.

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Windows 7 Startup Repair.

Install Windows XP over Windows 7 in a dual boot.

We can install multiple operating systems in a computer. But the installation should go from lower version to higher. So that when you install Windows XP into a computer where Windows 7 is already there, its booting file ( bootmgr ) will replaced by ntldr of Windows XP. On that time after Startup repair only Windows 7 will able to load.

Windows 7 Start-up repair.

1) Insert Windows 7 DVD and boot from it
2) Wait for Windows 7 to load files.
3) Choose Windows 7 language and other settings.
4) Click on the repair your computer link.
5) Wait for System Recovery Options to locate Windows 7 on your computer.
6) Choose your Windows & installation.
7) Choose the Startup Repair Recover tool.
8) Wait for Startup repair searches for problems to repair.
9) Now Startup repair will attempt and repair your Windows 7
10) Restart your computer.

Windows 7 boot screen.

but actually we have to get the following boot menu to load both of the Operating Systems.( Windows 7 and Windows XP )

If your Windows XP cannot found after startup repair, you have to do bcd edit. This is normally do in command mode. But a simple tool is available called EasyBCD to edit BCD in a simple step.

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xcopy command in Windows

Applications of Xcopy command.

Xcopy provides an excellent tool for backing up selected folders. With appropriate switches, a variety of backup scenarios can be created. One possible backup configuration would be to copy only those files that have been changed. Here is an example command: xcopy C:\somefolder

E:\backupfolder /D /E /C /R /H /I /K /Y This command will copy all files, including those in sub-folders, that are newer in the source folder. It will copy hidden as well as read-only files and will create the destination folder and/or sub-folders if they do not already exist.

Exit codes for Xcopy

The following table can be used for troubleshooting xcopy related issues.

Exit code	Description
0	Files were copied without error.
1	No files were found to copy.
2	The user pressed Ctrl+C to terminate xcopy.
4	Various errors including insufficient memory or disk space, an invalid drive name, or invalid syntax.
5	Disk write error occurred.

                                           

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How to disable Windows 2008 Event Tracker.

When Shutdown Event Tracker is enabled, users cannot shut down or restart the computer without providing a reason. If the computer is shut down or restarted unexpectedly, either as a result of power interruption or hardware failure, the first member of the local Users group to log in after the restart is prompted to enter a reason in Shutdown Event Tracker.

Shutdown Event Tracker can be enabled on the local computer by editing the local computer's Group Policy settings.

Membership in the local Administrators group, or equivalent, is the minimum required to complete this procedure.

Here we will discuss, how to disable Shutdown Event Tracker.

step:1

Take Run dialog box.

step:2

Go to administrative templates.

step:3

double click on display Shutdown Event Tracker.

step:4

select disable option and press OK

step:5

take Run dialog box and type the following command.

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Windows Server 2012 features.

                             

Windows Server 2012, formerly codenamed Windows Server 8, is the current release of Windows Server. It is the server version of Windows 8 and the successor to Windows Server 2008 R2.

features of Windows Server 2012.

1) User interface.

                           
The operating system, like Windows 8, uses the Metro UI unless installed in Server Core mode. Windows PowerShell in this version has over 2300 commandlets, compared with around 200 in Windows Server 2008 R2. There is also command auto-completion.

2) Task Manager  
                             
Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 include a new version of Windows Task Manager together with the old version. In the new version the tabs are hidden by default showing applications only. In the new Processes tab, the processes are displayed in varying shades of yellow, with darker shades representing heavier resource use.

3) Installation options

                           

Unlike its predecessor, Windows Server 2012 can switch between "Server Core" and the "Server with a GUI" installation options without a full reinstallation. Server Core is now the recommended configuration. There is also a new third installation option that allows some GUI programs such as MMC and Server Manager to run, but without Internet Explorer, Windows Explorer or the new desktop and shell.

4) IP address management (IPAM)

                              

Windows Server 2012 has an IPAM role for discovering, monitoring, auditing, and managing the IP address space used on a corporate network. IPAM provides for administration and monitoring of servers running Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name Service (DNS). IPAM includes components for:
  a) Custom IP address space display, reporting, and management.
  b) Audit of server configuration changes and tracking of IP address usage.
  c) Monitoring and management of DHCP and DNS services.

5) Active Directory

                              
Windows Server 2012 has a number of changes to Active Directory from the version shipped with Windows Server 2008 R2. The Active Directory Domain Services installation wizard has been replaced by a new section in Server Manager, and the Active Directory Administrative Center has been enhanced. A GUI has been added to the Active Directory Recycle Bin. Password policies can differ more easily within the same domain. Active Directory in Windows Server 2012 is now aware of any changes resulting from virtualization, and virtualized domain controllers can be safely cloned. Upgrades of the domain functional level to Windows Server 2012 are simplified; it can be performed entirely in Server Manager. Active Directory Federation Services is no longer required to be downloaded when installed as a role, and claims which can be used by the Active Directory Federation Services have been introduced into the Kerberos token. Windows Powershell commands used by Active Directory Administrative Center can be viewed in a "Powershell History Viewer".

6) Hyper-V

                           

Windows Server 2012, along with Windows 8, includes a new version of Hyper-V, as presented at the Microsoft Build Event. Many new features have been added to Hyper-V, including network virtualization, multi-tenancy, storage resource pools, cross-premise connectivity, and cloud backup. Additionally, many of the former restrictions on resource consumption have been greatly lifted. Each virtual machine in this version of Hyper-V can access up to 64 virtual processors, up to 512 gigabytes of random-access memory, and up to 64 terabytes of virtual disk space per virtual hard disk (using a new .vhdx format). Up to 1024 virtual machines can be active per host, and up to 4000 can be active per failover cluster. The version of Hyper-V shipped with the client version of Windows 8 requires a processor that supports SLAT and for SLAT to be turned on, while the version in Windows Server 2012 only requires it if the RemoteFX role is installed.

7) IIS 8.0

                           
Windows Server 2012 includes version 8.0 of Internet Information Services (IIS). The new version contains new features such as CPU usage caps for particular websites.